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Giovanni Papini (January 9, 1881 – July 8, 1956)〔"Giovanni Papini, Author, is Dead; Italian Philosopher, 75, Who Wrote 'Life of Christ', Won Prize for Study of Dante," ''The New York Times'', July 9, 1956, p. 23.〕 was an Italian journalist, essayist, literary critic, poet, and novelist. ==Early life== Born in Florence as the son of a modest furniture retailer (and former member of Giuseppe Garibaldi's Redshirts) from Borgo degli Albizi, Papini was baptized secretly to avoid the aggressive atheism of his father and lived a rustic, lonesome childhood. At that time he had felt a strong aversion to all beliefs, to all churches, as well as to any form of servitude (which he saw as connected to religion); he also became enchanted with the impossible idea of writing an encyclopedia wherein all cultures would be summarized. Trained at the ''Instituto di Studi Superiori'' (1900–2), he taught for a year in the Anglo-Italian school and then was librarian at the Museum of Anthropology from 1902 to 1904.〔Hoehn, Matthew (1948). ("Giovanni Papini, 1881." ) In: ''Catholic Authors: Contemporary Biographical Sketches''. Newark, N.J.: St. Mary's Abbey, p. 607.〕 The literary life attracted Papini, who in 1903 founded the magazine ''Il Leonardo'', to which he contributed articles under the pseudonym of "Gian Falco."〔Boyd, Ernest (1925). "Giovanni Papini." In: ''Studies from Ten Literatures''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 167.〕 His collaborators included Giuseppe Prezzolini, Borgese, Vailati, Costetti and Calderoni.〔Kunitz, Stanley (1931). "Giovanni Papini." In: ''Living Authors: A Book of Biographies''. New York: The H.W. Wilson company, p. 314.〕 Through Leonardo's Papini and his contributors introduced in Italy important thinkers such as Kierkegaard, Peirce, Nietzsche, Santayana and Poincaré. He would later join the staff of ''Il Regno'',〔Bondanella, Peter, ed. (2001). ("Papini, Giovanni (1881-1956)," ) ''Cassell Dictionary Italian Literature,'' Continuum International Publishing Group, p. 422.〕 a nationalist publication directed by Enrico Corradini, who formed the ''Associazione Nazionalistica Italiana'', to support his country colonial expansionism. Papini met William James and Henri Bergson, who greatly influenced his early works.〔Orlandi, Daniela (2007). "Papini (1881–1856)." In: ''Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies'', Paolo Puppa & Luca Somigli (eds.), Vol. I. Taylor & Francis, p. 1347.〕 He started publishing short-stories and essays: in 1906, ''Il Tragico Quotidiano'' ("The Tragic Everyday"), in 1907 ''Il Pilota Cieco'' ("The Blind Pilot") and ''Il Crepuscolo dei Filosofi'' ("The Twilight of the Philosophers"). The latter constituted a polemic with established and diverse intellectual figures, such as Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Arthur Schopenhauer, and Friedrich Nietzsche. Papini proclaimed the death of philosophers and the demolition of thinking itself. He briefly flirted with Futurism〔Collins, Joseph (1920). ("Giovanni Papini and the Futuristic Literary Movement in Italy." ) In: ''Idling in Italy: Studies of Literature and of Life.'' New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 88–106.〕〔Clough, Rosa Trillo (1961). (''Futurism: The Story of a Modern Art Movement, a New Appraisal'' ). New York: Philosophical Library.〕 and other violent and liberating forms of Modernism〔Sharkey, Stephen & Robert S. Dombronski (1976). "Revolution, Myth and Mythical Politics: The Futurist Solution," ''Journal of European History'' 6 (23), pp. 231–247.〕 (Papini is the character in several poems of the period written by Mina Loy).〔Hofer, Matthew (2011). “Mina Loy, Giovanni Papini, and the Aesthetic of Irritation,” ''Paideuma'' 38.〕 In 1907 Papini married Giacinta Giovagnoli; the couple had two daughters, Viola and Gioconda.〔Orlandi, Daniela (2007), p. 1347.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Giovanni Papini」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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